Длинные некодирующие РНК как новейшие перспективные биомаркеры при раке

Длинные некодирующие РНК (lncRNAs) являются большой группой некодирующих РНК (ncRNAs) длиной более 200 нуклеотидов. LncRNAs, как факторы регуляции,играют важную роль в сложных клеточных процессах, таких как апоптоз, рост, дифференцировка, пролиферация и т. д. В последнее время результаты многих исследований показали также их существенную роль в канцерогенезе. Эндогенные lncRNAs могут секретироваться опухолевыми клетками в биологические жидкости человека в виде микровезикул, экзосом или белковых комплексов, образуя тем самым циркулирующие lncRNAs, которые не деградируют под воздействием РНК и находятся в стабильном состоянии. По сравнению с традиционными биомаркерами, как белки, циркулирующие lncRNAs имеют ряд преимуществ, которые позволят их рассмотреть в качестве новых потенциальных биомаркеров при различных заболеваниях. Была замечена аберрантная экспрессия lncRNAs у больных раком. В этом контексте эндогенные lncRNAs могут регулировать основные характеристики раковых клеток, контролируя экспрессию онкогенов, связанных с их супрессивными и онкогенными функциями. Следовательно, циркулирующие lncRNAs могут быть отличными биомаркерами и при раковых заболеваниях. Знания молекулярных механизмов, с помощью которых lncRNAs способствуют развитию рака, улучшат наше понимание в этиологии и откроют горизонты для разработки новых биомаркеров. В данной работе рассмотрены текущие знания об изменении профиля экспрессии циркулирующих lncRNAs при раке, а также методы их обнаружения.

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